In 2013, the U.S. National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund (BARD), collectively the Participants, signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU). This MOU establishes the framework under which the Participants intend to cooperate to promote collaboration among U.S. and Israeli scientists and engineers. In 2018, this MOU was extended for three years.